Bladder Cancer

The 7th most common malignancy—transitional cell cancer.

• Haematuria, esp. microhaematuria

• Irritative LUT symptoms—frequency, dysuria

Diagnosis is urine cytology (×3) and cystoscopy with biopsy.

Treatment is according to staging and grading, e.g.:

• intravesical BCG immunotherapy for Ca in situ

• other intravesical agents, e.g. mitomycin

• surgical resection

• radio–chemotherapy

Regular surveillance which may be lifelong is essential.